James Bond (ornitólogo)
James Bond (Filadélfia, 4 de janeiro de 1900 – Filadélfia, 14 de fevereiro de 1989) foi um ornitólogo estadunidense, notório por seu trabalho na área e por ter inspirado o nome do espião fictício James Bond, criado por Ian Fleming.
James Bond | |
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James Bond em 1974
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Nascimento | 4 de janeiro de 1900 Filadélfia, Pensilvânia |
Morte | 14 de fevereiro de 1989 (89 anos) Filadélfia, Pensilvânia |
Residência | Filadélfia, Pensilvânia |
Nacionalidade | norte-americano |
Progenitores | Mãe: Margaret Reeves (Tyson) Pai: Francis Edward Bond |
Ocupação | Ornitólogo |
Principais trabalhos | Birds of the West Indies |
Prémios | Medalha Musgrave do Instituto da Jamaica Medalha Brewster da American Ornithologists' Union Prêmio Leidy (1975) |
Vida e carreira
editarJames nasceu 4 de janeiro de 1900 na Filadélfia, Pensilvânia, filho de Margaret Reeves (Tyson) e Francis Edward Bond. Seu interesse em história natural foi inspirado por uma expedição que seu pai realizou em 1911 para o delta do Orinoco. James estudou na St. Paul's School em Concord, Nova Hampshire, mas depois da morte de sua mãe ele se mudou com seu par para a Inglaterra em 1914. Lá, ele estudou na Escola Harrow e, mais tarde, na Faculdade Trinity em Cambridge, onde ele se formou em 1922 e se tornou o único membro estadunidense do Pitt Club.[1] Após se formar, ele se mudou de volta para os Estados Unidos e trabalhou para uma firma bancária por três anos na Filadélfia. Seu interesse por história natural o fez pedir demissão do emprego para se juntar a uma expedição à Amazônia da Academy of Natural Sciences.[2] Ele trabalhou como ornitólogo na organização na Filadélfia, ascendendo ao cargo de curador de ornitologia.[3] Ele especializou-se em pássaros do Caribe,
James venceu a Medalha Musgrave do Instituto da Jamaica em 1952;[3][4] A medalha Brewster da American Ornithologists' Union em 1954; e o Prêmio Leidy da Academy of Natural Sciences em 1975.[5] Morreu no Hospital Chestnut Hill na Filadélfia aos 89 anos[3] e foi enterrado no jardim da Igreja do Messias em Gwynedd Valley, Pensilvânia.
Trabalhos
editarO trabalho mais duradouro de Bond foi seu guia para os Birds of the West Indies - "Pássaros das Índias Ocidentais", sobre pássaros do Caribe, que foi publicado pela primeira vez em 1936 e teve 11 edições durante sua vida. Ele publicou cerca de 150 artigos em várias revistas, incluindo descrições de 63 novas subespécies.[6]
James Bond observou que a distribuição de rutías era limitada pelo que ele pensava ser uma fronteira marinha. Em 1973, David Lack propôs que se chamasse a Linha de Bond, uma fronteira biogeográfica entre Tobago e as Pequenas Antilhas que também dividia pássaros de origem norte e sul-americana.[7] Em 2015, uma nova subespécie de rutías foi descrita como Plagiodontia aedium bondi e nomeada em homenagem a Bond por seu reconhecimento da divisão biogeográfica.[8]
A adoção do nome por Ian Fleming
editarIan Fleming, que era um entusiasta da observação de aves morando na Jamaica, conhecia o livro de James, e escolheu seu nome para ser o herói de Casino Royale em 1953. Ian escreveu à esposa de James que "ocorreu a mim que esse nome breve, não-romântico, anglo-saxão e mesmo assim muito masculino era exatamente o que eu precisava, e então um segundo James Bond nasceu".[9] Ele também contatou o James Bond real para falar sobre o uso de seu nome no personagem, e ele concordou. Em 1964, Ian deu a James a primeira edição de You Only Live Twice, autografada "ao verdadeiro James Bond, do ladrão de sua identidade". Em dezembro de 2008, o livro foi leiloado por US$ 84 000.[10][11]
Publicações
editar- Nesting of the Harpy Eagle (Thrasaetus Harpyia), The Auk, Vol. 44, No. 4, 1927, S. 562–563
- A New Golden Warbler from the Island of St. Lucia, B. W. I., The Auk, Vol. 44, No. 4, 1927, S. 571–572
- A remarkable West Indian Goatsucker, The Auk, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1928, S. 471–474
- The distribution and habits of the birds of the Republic of Haiti, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 80, 1928, S. 483–521
- On the birds of Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Barbados, B.W.I., Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 80, 1928, S. 523–542
- The rediscovery of the St. Lucian Black Finch (Melanospiza richardsoni), The Auk, Vol. 46, No. 4, 1929, S. 523–526
- Notes on the Birds of St. Croix, U. S. V. I., The Auk, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1930, S. 270–271
- Notes on Some Birds from St. Lucia, B. W. I, The Auk, Vol. 49, No. 4, 1932, S. 496
- The Cuban Nightjar (Antrostomus C. Cubanensis) in the Isle of Pines, The Auk, Vol. 51, No. 4, 1934, S. 523
- The Status of the Great Blue Heron in the West Indies, The Auk, Vol. 52, No. 1, 1935, S. 76–77
- Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza L. Lincolni) Nesting Near Bangor, Maine, The Auk, Vol. 52, No. 1, 1935, S. 95–96
- The Name of the Antiguan Bullfinch, The Auk, Vol. 53, No. 2, 1936, S. 221
- Vireo Nelsoni Bond, The Auk, Vol. 53, No. 4, 1936, S. 458
- Resident birds of the Bay Islands of Spanish Honduras, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 88, 1936, S. 353–364
- Willow Thrush in the Magdalen Islands, The Auk, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1937, S. 102
- New Records for Spanish Honduras, The Auk, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1937, S. 102
- Lincoln's Sparrow Nesting in Maine, The Auk, Vol. 54, No. 1, 1937, S. 102–103
- The Cape May warbler in Maine, The Auk, Vol. 54, No. 3, 1937, S. 306–308
- West Indian Orioles of the Genus Icterus, The Auk, Vol. 55, No. 3, 1938, S. 544
- Notes on birds from West Indies and other Caribbean islands, Notulae Naturae, Número 13, 1939, S. 1–6
- com Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: Descriptions of new birds from Bolivia. Part I. – Oscines. In: Notulae Naturae. Nr. 12, 15. Jun. 1939, S. 1–5 (books.google.de).
- com Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: Descriptions of new birds from Bolivia. Part II – A new species of the genus Pauxi. Nr. 29, 24. Oktober 1939, S. 1–3 (books.google.de).
- Some Birds from Montserrat, British West Indies, The Auk, Vol. 56, No. 2, 1939, S. 193–195
- On a Specimen of Sporophila Cinnamomea (Lafresnaye), The Auk, Vol. 56, No. 4, 1939, S. 481
- Check-list of Birds of the West Indies, Waverly Press, 1. edição, 1940
- Zusammen com Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: On some birds from Southern Colombia, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 92, 1940, S. 153–169
- com Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: Descriptions of new birds from Bolivia. Part III. – Mesomydi [Mesomyodi]. In: Notulae Naturae. Nr. 44, 5. April 1940, S. 1–4 (books.google.de).
- Bahama Pintail and Cinnamon Teal in Cuba, The Auk, Vol. 57, No. 3, 1940, S. 412
- Identity of United States Specimens of Fork-tailed Flycatcher, The Auk, Vol. 57, No. 3, 1940, S. 418–419
- Zusammen com Carroll Sargent Tyson: Birds of Mt. Desert island, Acadia national park, Maine, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1941
- Zusammen com Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: Descriptions of new birds from Bolivia. Part IV, Notulae Naturae, Número 93, 1941, S. 1–7
- Zusammen com Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: The birds of Bolivia, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1942
- Some West Indian Birds' Eggs, The Auk, Vol. 58, No. 1, 1941, S. 109–110
- Nidification of the birds of Dominica, B.W.I, The Auk, Vol. 58, No. 3, 1941, S. 364–375
- Zusammen com George Vanderbilt, Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: Results of the Fifth George Vanderbilt expedition (1941): (Bahamas, Caribbean sea, Panama, Galápagos archipelago and Mexican Pacific islands), Monograph (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia), Ausgabe 6, 1941
- Additional Notes on West Indian Birds, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 94, 1942, S. 89–106
- Notes on the Devil Owl, The Auk, Vol. 59, No. 2, 1942, S. 308–309
- Zusammen com Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee: A new species of dove of the genus Leptotila from Columbia, Notulae Naturae, Número 122, 1943, S. 1–2
- Nidification of the passerine birds of Hispaniola, The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 55, No. 2, 1943, S. 115–125
- A New flycatcher of the genus Myiophobus from Peru, Notulae Naturae, Number 127, 1943, S. 1–2
- Zusammen com Rodolphe Meyer de Schauensee, A new race of Pyrrhura rupicola from Peru, Notulae Naturae, Number 138, 1944, S. 1–2
- Notes on the Arrow-Headed Warbler, The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 56, No. 3, 1944, S. 172–173
- Check-list of Birds of the West Indies, Waverly Press, 2. edição, 1945
- Identity of Catesby's Tropic-Bird, The Auk, Vol. 62, No. 4, 1945, S. 660
- Field guide to birds of the West Indies: a guide to all the species of birds known from the Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles and Bahama Islands, Macmillan, 1947
- A Second Specimen of Tangara Gouldi (Sclater), The Auk, Vol. 64, No. 1, 1947, S. 128
- Origin of the bird fauna of the West Indies, The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 60, No. 4, 1948, S. 207–229
- Identity of Trinidad Barn Owls, The Auk, Vol. 66, No. 1, 1949, S. 91
- Check-list of Birds of the West Indies, Waverly Press, 3. edição, 1950
- Additional notes on West Indian birds, Notulae Naturae, Number 148, 1945, S. 1–4
- A New Woodhewer, Xiphocolaptes, from Peru, The Auk, Vol. 67, No. 2, 1950, S. 240–241
- Vireo Solitarius in Honduras, The Auk, Vol. 67, No. 3, 1950, S. 395
- A Large Sandpiper Clutch, The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 62, No. 2, 1950, S. 93
- Some Remarks on West Indian Icteridae, The Wilson Bulletin, Vol. 62, No. 4, 1950, S. 216–217
- First supplement to the check-list of birds of the West Indies, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1951
- Taxonomic notes on South American birds, The Auk, Vol 68, No. 4, 1951, S. 527–529
- Birds of Turneffe and Northern Two Cays British Honduras, Notulae Naturae, Number 260, 1954, S. 1–10
- Notes on peruvian Icteridae, Vireonidae and Parulidae, Notulae Naturae, Number 255, 1953, S. 1–15
- A new race of Gallinula chloropus from Barbados, Notulae Naturae, Number 264, 1954, S. 1
- Notes on Peruvian Piciformes, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 106, 1954, S. 45–61
- Notes on Peruvian Coerebidae and Thraupidae, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. 107, 1955, S. 35–55
- A New Race of Least Bittern from Peru, The Auk, Vol. 72, No. 2, 1955, S. 208–209
- Additional notes on Peruvian birds. II., Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 108, 1956, S. 227–247
- Nesting of the Pygmy Palm-swift, The Auk, Vol. 73, No. 3, 1956, S. 475
- Second supplement to the check-list of birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1957
- Notes on the White-breasted Thrasher, The Auk, Vol. 74, No. 2, 1957, S. 259–260
- Third supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1958
- Fourth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1959
- Fifth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1960
- Zusammen com Sidney Dillon Ripley: The Black Noddy at Los Roques, Venezuela, The Auk, Vol. 77, No. 4, 1960, S. 473–474
- Sixth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1961
- Extinct and near extinct birds of the West Indies, Research report, Ausgabe 4, International Committee for Bird Preservation. Pan American Section, 1961
- Seventh supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1962
- A new Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) from Newfoundland, Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Vol. 75, No. 2, 1962, S. 205–206
- Eighth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1963
- Ninth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1963
- White-tailed Kite in Nicaragua, The Auk, Vol. 81, No. 2, 1964, S. 230
- Tenth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1965
- Eleventh supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1966
- Twelfth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1967
- Thirteenth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1968
- Fourteenth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1969
- Native birds of Mt. Desert Island and Acadia National Park, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1969
- Fifteenth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1970
- Native and winter resident birds of Tobago, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1970
- Sixteenth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1971
- Seventeenth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1972
- Eighteenth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1973
- Nineteenth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1974
- Twentieth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1976
- Twenty-first supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1977
- zusammen com Annabelle Stockton Dod: A new race of Chat Tanager (Calyptophilus frugivorus) from the Dominican Republic, Notulae Naturae, Número 451, 1977, S. 1–4
- Twenty-second supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1978
- Twenty-second supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1978
- Twenty-third supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1980
- Twenty-fourth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1982
- Twenty-fifth supplement to the Check-list of the Birds of the West Indies (1956), Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1984
Referências
editar- ↑ Contosta 1993, p. 48.
- ↑ Parkes, Kenneth (1989). «In Memoriam: James Bond» (PDF). The Auk. 106 (4): 718–720
- ↑ a b c «James Bond, Ornithologist, 89; Fleming Adopted Name for 007». The New York Times. Associated Press. 17 de fevereiro de 1989. p. D19. Consultado em 18 de outubro de 2014
- ↑ The Institute of Jamaica's web site Arquivado em 2014-10-18 na Archive.today has him listed as winning a silver Musgrave Medal for ornithology in 1951.
- ↑ «The Four Awards Bestowed by The Academy of Natural Sciences and Their Recipients». The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 156 (1): 403-404. Junho de 2007. doi:10.1635/0097-3157(2007)156[403:TFABBT]2.0.CO;2
- ↑ Aubrecht, Gerhard (2016). «Bibliography of James Bond (1900–1989) - American ornithologist - with new taxa described». Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (em inglês). 165 (1): 55–64. ISSN 0097-3157. doi:10.1635/053.165.0106
- ↑ Bond, James (1979). «Derivations of Lesser Antillean Birds». Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 131: 89–103. ISSN 0097-3157
- ↑ Turvey, Samuel T.; Hansford, James; Kennerley, Rosalind J.; Nuñez-Miño, José M.; Brocca, Jorge L.; Young, Richard P. (2015). «A new subspecies of hutia (Plagiodontia, Capromyidae, Rodentia) from southern Hispaniola». Zootaxa. 3957 (2). 201 páginas. ISSN 1175-5334. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3957.2.4
- ↑ «James Bond, Ornithologist, 89; Fleming Adopted Name for 007». The New York Times. Associated Press. 17 de fevereiro de 1989. p. D19. Consultado em 18 de outubro de 2014
- ↑ «Ian Fleming's 'You Only Live Twice' Sells For $84,000 At Auction». CommanderBond.net. Consultado em 24 de fevereiro de 2014
- ↑ «Lot 103, Ian Fleming sgd 1st British ed You Only Live Twice». LiveAuctioneers.com. Consultado em 24 de fevereiro de 2014. Arquivado do original em 7 de janeiro de 2014
Bibliografia
editar- Bond, Mary Wickham (1966). How 007 Got His Name illustrated, 2 black and white plates ed. London, UK: Collins
- Contosta, David R. (1993). The Private Life of James Bond. Lititz, PA: Sutter House. ISBN 978-0-915010-38-7
- Matros, Michael (2013). «Avian Adventurer of the Caribbean». St. Paul's School. Alumni Horae. 93 (2). Consultado em 19 de maio de 2013
- Walker, Andrew (19 de abril de 2002). «BBC NEWS : In Depth : Newsmakers : Ian Fleming: The man behind Bond – and Chitty». BBC News profiles unit. Consultado em 15 de abril de 2008Retrieved 2008-04-15.